Radio frequencies offer a valuable tool for communication, especially in areas where mobile or internet service may be unreliable.
However, radio frequency use is regulated, and not all frequencies are open for public use.
Fortunately, there are several types of frequencies that civilians can legally use without special licenses or extensive training.
From family communication to emergency preparedness, let’s explore the radio frequencies civilians can use and what makes each one unique.
Family Radio Service (FRS)
Overview:
The Family Radio Service (FRS) is a popular unlicensed frequency band in the United States, intended for short-range communication among family members and small groups. It’s commonly used in walkie-talkies for casual communication, camping, hiking, and similar activities.
Frequency Range:
462-467 MHz (UHF)
Power Limits:
FRS radios are limited to a maximum of 2 watts of power, which typically results in a range of 0.5 to 2 miles, depending on terrain and environmental factors.
Advantages:
- No license required: FRS is open to the public without licensing.
- Affordable equipment: FRS radios are widely available and inexpensive.
- Easy to use: Basic operation and plug-and-play functionality.
Best For: Family activities, local communication within parks, events, and short-range outdoor activities.
General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS)
Overview:
The General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS) provides more power and range than FRS and is commonly used by families, outdoor enthusiasts, and small businesses. While it does require a license in the U.S., no exam is needed, and one license covers all family members.
Frequency Range:
462-467 MHz (UHF), sharing some frequencies with FRS but allowing higher power output.
Power Limits:
GMRS radios can use up to 50 watts, allowing for a range of 1-5 miles or more, depending on environmental factors. Repeaters can extend the range further.
Advantages:
- Higher power output: GMRS allows for more robust, long-range communication.
- Access to repeaters: Some GMRS frequencies allow repeater use for extended range.
- Family licensing: One license covers an entire family.
Best For: Off-road adventures, camping, hiking, and family communication over longer distances.
Multi-Use Radio Service (MURS)
Overview:
The Multi-Use Radio Service (MURS) is an unlicensed VHF radio service that allows for up to five channels. MURS is particularly effective for outdoor communication, as VHF waves tend to travel further in open spaces and over hilly or wooded terrain.
Frequency Range:
151-154 MHz (VHF)
Power Limits:
MURS radios are limited to 2 watts, which typically covers a range of about 1-3 miles in open areas.
Advantages:
- No license required: MURS is open to civilians without needing a license.
- Good outdoor performance: Works well in rural areas with open landscapes.
- Compatibility with external antennas: Some MURS radios allow external antennas for enhanced range.
Best For: Small businesses, rural and outdoor communication, small group activities, and local communication needs.
Citizens Band (CB) Radio
Overview:
Citizens Band (CB) radio is a long-standing public communication band, often used by truckers, off-road enthusiasts, and in vehicle convoys. CB operates on lower frequencies that perform well in open areas, allowing for moderate-range communication.
Frequency Range:
27 MHz (11-meter band)
Power Limits:
CB radios are limited to 4 watts on AM and 12 watts on SSB (single sideband), which typically provides a range of 1-5 miles, although longer distances are possible in ideal conditions.
Advantages:
- No license required: CB is unlicensed and open to anyone.
- Vehicle and home use: Widely used for vehicle-to-vehicle communication and stationary use.
- Large community: Established user base with active channels, especially on highways.
Best For: Vehicle-to-vehicle communication, off-roading, and emergency preparedness.
Amateur Radio (Ham Radio) Technician Band
Overview:
Amateur (ham) radio offers extensive frequency options and the ability to communicate over long distances, but it requires licensing for transmission. The Technician Class license is the entry-level ham radio license, offering access to VHF and UHF bands, which are effective for local and regional communication.
Frequency Range:
Varies widely, with common Technician bands including 144-148 MHz (2 meters) and 420-450 MHz (70 centimeters).
Power Limits:
Power limits vary by band and location, with some allowances reaching up to 1,500 watts, though most portable ham radios operate at lower levels.
Advantages:
- Long-range potential: Ham radio can cover local, regional, and even international communication.
- Community and support: Ham radio has a large, helpful community of operators and emergency networks.
- Flexible frequencies and modes: Offers voice, data, and even Morse code modes.
Best For: Emergency preparedness, long-distance communication, hobbyists, and those willing to obtain a license.
Public Safety Frequencies (NOAA Weather Radio)
Overview:
NOAA Weather Radio operates on public frequencies that provide access to weather reports and emergency broadcasts. While civilians can’t transmit on these frequencies, NOAA broadcasts are freely available to the public and invaluable during weather events and emergencies.
Frequency Range:
162.400 to 162.550 MHz (VHF)
Power Limits:
Receive-only frequencies; transmission is not permitted.
Advantages:
- Free access: Anyone can listen to NOAA weather reports without a license.
- Emergency information: Provides critical updates during severe weather events.
- Dedicated devices: Many weather radios are built specifically for receiving NOAA broadcasts.
Best For: Staying informed of weather events, natural disasters, and emergency alerts.
Summary Table of Civilian-Use Radio Frequencies
| Service | Frequency Range | Power Limit | License Requirement | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FRS | 462-467 MHz (UHF) | Up to 2 watts | No license | Family use, short-range communication |
| GMRS | 462-467 MHz (UHF) | Up to 50 watts | License required, no exam | Longer-distance family or group use |
| MURS | 151-154 MHz (VHF) | Up to 2 watts | No license | Small businesses, outdoor activities |
| CB | 27 MHz (11-meter band) | 4 watts (AM), 12 watts (SSB) | No license | Vehicle communication, off-roading |
| Ham Radio | Various (VHF/UHF for Technician) | Up to 1,500 watts | License required, exam | Emergency, hobbyist, long-distance communication |
| NOAA Weather | 162.400 – 162.550 MHz | Receive-only | No license | Weather updates, emergency information |
Choosing the Right Frequency for Your Needs
Choosing the best radio frequency depends on your specific needs and environment. For families or groups looking for straightforward, short-range communication, FRS or GMRS is often the best choice. MURS is ideal for those who need a bit more flexibility in outdoor settings, while CB radio is a solid option for road trips and vehicle convoys. For those interested in emergency communication or long-range options, ham radio offers extensive possibilities, though it does require a license.
Conclusion
There are several radio frequencies available to civilians, each suited to different needs and situations. If you’re looking for family communication during outdoor activities, preparing for emergencies, or exploring a new hobby, there’s a radio frequency and device that fits your needs.
Always ensure you’re following the regulations for each type of service, especially regarding licensing requirements, to make the most of your communication tools safely and legally.